Intra interpolation filter for multi-line intra prediction

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for selecting an intra interpolation filter for multi-line intra prediction based on a reference line index for decoding a video sequence includes identifying a set of reference lines associated with a coding unit. A first type of interpolation filter is applied to reference samples included in a first reference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent to the coding unit to generate a first set of prediction samples based on the first reference line being associated with a first reference line index. A second type of interpolation filter is applied to reference samples included in a second reference line, of the set of reference lines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate a second set of prediction samples based on the second reference line being associated with a second reference line index.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 from U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/729,395 filed on Sep. 10, 2018 in theU.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure is directed to a set of advanced video codingtechnologies. More specifically, the present disclosure provides amodified intra interpolation filter scheme for multi-line intraprediction.

BACKGROUND

ITU-T VCEG (Q6/16) and ISO/IEC MPEG (JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11) promulgated theH.265/HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) standard in 2013 (version 1),and provided updates in 2014 (version 2), 2015 (version 3), and 2016(version 4). Since, the ITU has been studying the potential need forstandardization of future video coding technology with a compressioncapability that significantly exceeds that of the HEVC standard(including its extensions).

In October 2017, the ITU issued the Joint Call for Proposals on VideoCompression with Capability beyond HEVC (CfP). By Feb. 15, 2018, a totalof 22 CfP responses on standard dynamic range (SDR), 12 CfP responses onhigh dynamic range (HDR), and 12 CfP responses on 360 video categorieswere submitted, respectively.

In April 2018, all received CfP responses were evaluated in the 122MPEG/10^(th) JVET (Joint Video Exploration Team-Joint Video Expert Team)meeting. With careful evaluation, JVET formally launched thestandardization of next-generation video coding beyond HEVC, i.e., theso-called Versatile Video Coding (VVC).

In HEVC, there is a total of 35 intra prediction modes, among which mode10 is a horizontal mode, mode 26 is a vertical mode, and modes 2, 18 and34 are diagonal modes. The intra prediction modes are signalled by threemost probable modes (MPMs) and 32 remaining modes.

In the current development of VVC, there is a total of 87 intraprediction modes, where mode 18 is a horizontal mode, mode 50 is avertical mode, and modes 2, 34 and 66 are diagonal modes. Modes 1through 10 and modes 67 through 76 are designated Wide-Angle IntraPrediction (WAIP) modes.

To code an intra mode, a most probable mode (MPM) list of 3 modes isgenerated based on the intra modes of the neighboring blocks. This MPMlist will be referred to as the MPM list or primary MPM list. If anintra mode is not included in the MPM list, a flag is signalled toindicate whether the intra mode belongs to the selected modes.

In the development of VVC, the implementation of a primary MPM listtogether with a secondary MPM list is proposed. The modes in thesecondary MPM list are not included in primary MPM list. The number ofmodes in the MPM list can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc. whereas the numberof modes in the secondary MPM list can be 8, 16, 32, etc.

In VVC, for the luma component, the neighboring samples used for intraprediction sample generations are filtered before the generationprocess, namely the intra smoothing process. The filtering is controlledby the given intra prediction mode and transform block size. If theintra prediction mode is DC, or if the transform block size is equal to4×4, then the neighboring samples are not filtered. Further, if thedistance between the given intra prediction mode and the vertical mode(or horizontal mode) is larger than a predefined threshold, then thefiltering process is enabled. For neighboring sample filtering, [1, 2,1] filters and bi-linear filters are used. For example, VVC draft 2clause 8.2.4.2.4 and Table 8-4 describe the intra smoothing processproposed in VVC.

Multi-line intra prediction was proposed to use additional referencelines for intra prediction, and the encoder can decide and signal whichreference line is used to generate the intra predictor. The referenceline index is signaled before the intra prediction modes, and Planar/DCmodes are excluded from the intra prediction modes in a situation wherea non-zero reference line index is signaled.

Wide angles beyond the range of prediction directions covered byconventional intra prediction modes are proposed, and are called wideangular intra prediction modes. These wide angles are only applied fornon-square blocks as follows: angles beyond 45 degrees in a top-rightdirection (intra prediction mode 34 in HEVC) if a block width is largerthan block height; and angles beyond 45 degrees in a bottom-leftdirection (intra prediction mode 2 in HEVC) if a block height is largerthan block width.

The replaced modes are signaled using the original method and remappedto the indices of wide angular modes after parsing. The total number ofintra prediction modes is unchanged, i.e., 35 as in VTM-1.0, or 67 as inBMS-1.0, and the intra mode coding is unchanged.

A bilateral filter is a non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducingsmoothing filter for images. It replaces the intensity of each pixelwith a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. Thisweight can be based on a Gaussian distribution. The weights depend onEuclidean distances of pixels, and also on the radiometric differences(e.g., range differences, such as color intensity, depth distance,etc.). Bilateral filters help preserves sharp edges. Given original(unfiltered) reference samples I (x) of an intra block, the bilateralfilter function might be defined as:

${\hat{I}(x)} = \frac{\sum_{{\Delta \; x_{i}} \leq s}{{W_{pos}\left( {\Delta \; x_{i}} \right)} \cdot {w_{val}\left( {\Delta \; I_{i}} \right)} \cdot {I\left( x_{i} \right)}}}{\sum_{{\Delta \; x_{i}} \leq s}{{w_{pos}\left( {\Delta \; x_{i}} \right)} \cdot {w_{val}\left( {\Delta \; I_{i}} \right)}}}$

4-tap and 6-tap intra interpolation filters were proposed to generatethe prediction samples for directional intra prediction. Two types offour-tap interpolation filters are used, which are Cubic interpolationfilters and Gaussian interpolation filters. Cubic filters are adept forreserving the image edges, whereas Gaussian interpolation filters areadept at removing image noise. Cubic interpolation filters areimplemented as follows: when intra prediction mode is equal to or largerthan Diagonal mode (i.e., mode 34) and the width of the block is smallerthan or equal to 8; and when intra prediction mode is equal to orsmaller than Diagonal mode (i.e., mode 34) and the height of the blockis smaller than or equal to 8.

Gaussian filters are implemented when the intra prediction mode is equalto or larger than Diagonal mode (i.e., mode 34) and the width of theblock is larger than 8; and when the intra prediction mode is equal toor smaller than the diagonal mode (i.e., mode 34) and the height of theblock is larger than 8.

SUMMARY

A method for selecting an intra interpolation filter for multi-lineintra prediction based on a reference line index for decoding a videosequence includes identifying a set of reference lines associated with acoding unit; applying a first type of interpolation filter to referencesamples included in a first reference line, of the set of referencelines, that is adjacent to the coding unit to generate a first set ofprediction samples based on the first reference line being associatedwith a first reference line index; and applying a second type ofinterpolation filter to reference samples included in a second referenceline, of the set of reference lines, that is non-adjacent to the codingunit to generate a second set of prediction samples based on the secondreference line being associated with a second reference line index

A device for selecting an intra interpolation filter for multi-lineintra prediction based on a reference line index for decoding a videosequence, comprising: at least one memory configured to store programcode; at least one processor configured to read the program code andoperate as instructed by the program code, the program code including:identifying code configured to cause the at least one processor toidentify a set of reference lines associated with a coding unit; firstapplying code configured to cause the at least one processor to apply afirst type of interpolation filter to reference samples included in afirst reference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent tothe coding unit to generate a first set of prediction samples based onthe first reference line being associated with a first reference lineindex; and second applying code configured to cause the at least oneprocessor to apply a second type of interpolation filter to referencesamples included in a second reference line, of the set of referencelines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate a second setof prediction samples based on the second reference line beingassociated with a second reference line index.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, theinstructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed byone or more processors of a device for selecting an intra interpolationfilter for multi-line intra prediction based on a reference line indexfor decoding a video sequence, cause the one or more processors to:identify a set of reference lines associated with a coding unit; apply afirst type of interpolation filter to reference samples included in afirst reference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent tothe coding unit to generate a first set of prediction samples based onthe first reference line being associated with a first reference lineindex; and apply a second type of interpolation filter to referencesamples included in a second reference line, of the set of referencelines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate a second setof prediction samples based on the second reference line beingassociated with a second reference line index.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosedsubject matter will be more apparent from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an example process for selecting an intrainterpolation filter for multi-line intra prediction based on areference line index for decoding a video sequence.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a communication system accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the placement of a video encoder and decoder in astreaming environment.

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a video decoder according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a video encoder according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is is a diagram of a computer system in accordance with anembodiment.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED

Gaussian filters are adept for smooth image areas and Cubic filter areadept for areas with edges. The addition of additional reference linesused in multi-line intra prediction is helpful for areas with edges.However, it is not a desirable design to apply both the same cubic andGaussian filters to all reference lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an example process 100 for selecting an intrainterpolation filter for multi-line intra prediction based on areference line index for decoding a video sequence. In someimplementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 1 may be performedby a decoder. In some implementations, one or more process blocks ofFIG. 1 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separatefrom or including a decoder, such as an encoder.

As shown in FIG. 1, process 100 may include identifying a set ofreference lines associated with a coding unit (block 110).

In some implementations, a line index of the nearest reference line is 0(zero reference line). Additionally, the maximum signaled reference linenumber is denoted as N. The intra interpolation filters discussed belowrefer to the interpolation filters used to generate prediction valueswhich point to fractional positions of the reference samples.

In some implementations, the selection of intra interpolation filters isdependent on the reference line index wherein a reference line index issignaled. The types of intra interpolation filters include edgepreserving filters and edge smoothing filters, and/or the like. Edgesmoothing filters include linear interpolation filters having positiveor zero filter coefficients. Edge preserving filters include linearinterpolation filters with at least one or two negative filtercoefficients, or non-linear filters, e.g., bilateral filter.

As further shown in FIG. 1, process 100 may include applying a firsttype of interpolation filter to reference samples included in a firstreference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent to thecoding unit to generate a first set of prediction samples based on thefirst reference line being associated with a first reference line index(block 120); and applying a second type of interpolation filter toreference samples included in a second reference line, of the set ofreference lines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate asecond set of prediction samples based on the second reference linebeing associated with a second reference line index (block 130).

According to an embodiment, both edge smoothing filters and edgepreserving filters are applied to the zero reference line, and only edgepreserving filters are applied to non-zero reference lines.Additionally, edge smoothing filters can include bilinear filters orGaussian filters.

According to an embodiment, edge preserving filters can be Cubic,DCT-based interpolation filters (DCT-IF), 4/6-tap polynomial-basedinterpolation filters, bilateral filters, Hermite interpolation filters,and/or the like.

According to an embodiment, the edge preserving filters used fordifferent lines are different. For example, the tap of an edgepreserving filter can be different for the zero reference line andnon-zero reference lines. Additionally, or alternatively, an M-tap edgepreserving filter can be used for the zero reference line whereas anN-tap edge preserving filter can be used for non-zero reference lines(e.g., where M and N are positive integers and M is not equal to N).Additionally, or alternatively, the filter coefficients of the edgepreserving filters used for different reference lines can be different.

In another embodiment, the coefficients of edge preserving filters andedge smoothing filters are fixed, and are not dependent on the samplevalues.

In some implementations, the selection of intra interpolation filters isdependent on the reference line index and other coded or any informationavailable to both the encoder and the decoder, such as intra predictionmodes and block sizes.

According to an embodiment, edge preserving filters are used based on acondition being satisfied. For example, the condition may be satisfiedwhen the intra prediction mode is equal to or greater than the diagonalmode (i.e., mode 34) and the width of the block is smaller than or equalto S. Additionally, or alternatively, the condition may be satisfiedwhen the intra prediction mode is equal to or less than the diagonalmode (i.e., mode 34) and the height of the block is smaller than orequal to S. For example, S may indicate the threshold for block width orheight. S can be different for different lines. For example, accordingto an embodiment, S is 8 for the zero reference line, and S is 16 or 32for non-zero reference lines.

According to an embodiment, edge smoothing filters are used for wideangles in the zero reference line whereas edge preserving filters areused for wide angles in the non-zero reference lines. Additionally, oralternatively, edge preserving filters are used for wide angles in thezero reference line whereas edge smoothing filters are used for wideangles in non-zero reference lines.

According to an embodiment, both edge preserving and smoothing filtersare applied to the zero reference lines, and/or there is at least onereference line for which either edge preserving filters or edgesmoothing filters are applied. In this case, both filters might not beapplied. According to an embodiment, when there are 3 reference lines,where line indices can be {0,1,2} or {0,1,3}, both edge preserving andedge smoothing filters are applied to line 0, only an edge preserving orsmoothing filter is applied to line 1, and only an edge smoothing orpreserving filter is applied to lines 2 or 3.

According to an embodiment, both edge preserving filters and edgesmoothing filters are applied to all reference lines, but the tap numberof intra interpolation filters can be different for different lines. Forexample, in an embodiment, an edge preserving filter for zero referenceline is M-tap whereas the edge preserving filter for the non-zeroreference lines is N-tap (e.g., where M and N are positive integers, andM is not equal to N, such as M=6 and N=4). Additionally, oralternatively, the edge smoothing filter for the zero reference line isM-tap, whereas the edge smoothing filter for non-zero reference lines isN-tap (e.g., where M and N are positive integers, and M is not equal toN, such as M=6 and N=4).

According to an embodiment, wide angles are disabled or defineddifferently for certain reference lines. For example, wide angles aredisabled for non-zero reference lines. Additionally, or alternatively,there is at least one reference line where wide angles are not used.Additionally, or alternatively, wide angles used for different referencelines are different. For example, the number of conventional angularintra prediction directions which are replaced by wide angle intraprediction directions is dependent on the reference line index.

According to an embodiment, the intra smoothing filter can be differentfor different lines. For example, a bilateral filter is used for intrasmoothing on non-zero reference lines. Additionally, or alternatively,an intra smoothing filter is disabled for non-zero reference lines whenthe reference line index is signaled. Additionally, or alternatively,there is at least one reference line for which a bilateral filter isused for intra smoothing.

According to an embodiment, the filter tap number of an intra smoothingfilter is different for different lines. For example, the filter tapnumber of intra smoothing filter for the zero reference line is M,whereas the filter tap number of an intra smoothing filter for non-zeroreference lines is N (e.g., where M and N are positive integers, and Mis not equal to N, such as M=6 and N=4).

According to an embodiment, the intra prediction modes which apply intrasmoothing are different for different reference lines. For example, athreshold value T defines which intra prediction modes apply intrasmoothing, when an intra prediction mode Mode meets the condition:min(abs(Mode-Hor), abs(Mode-Ver)) <T, where “Hor” refers to the intraprediction mode index of Horizontal mode, and “Ver” refers to the intrapredication mode index of Vertical mode. The value of T depends on thereference line index and other coded or any information known to boththe encoder and the decoder, examples include but are not limited to:block area size, block width, block height, block width to height ratio,and/or the like.

According to an embodiment, only MPM modes are allowed for non-zeroreference lines, including both the primary and secondary MPM lists. Inone embodiment, when the reference line index of a current block isgreater than zero, one bin is signaled to indicate whether the intraprediction mode of the current block belongs to the primary MPM list orthe secondary MPM list, which is called “primay_mpm_flag.” If“primary_mpm_flag” is “true,” then the primary MPM index is signaled.Otherwise, the secondary MPM index is signaled. No non-MPM modes areused for non-zero reference lines, and no flag is signaled to indicatewhether the secondary MPM or the non-MPM is used.

According to an embodiment, Planar and DC modes are excluded from theprimary MPM list and the secondary MPM list.

According to an embodiment, some implementations use more than onecontext for coding the first bin of the reference line index. Forexample, the selection of the context is dependent on the reference lineindex of the neighboring blocks. As a particular example, if both thereference line index of the left and above blocks is equal to zero, thencontext 0 is selected, else if both the reference line index of the leftand above blocks are not equal to zero, then context 1 is selected.Otherwise, context 2 is selected.

According to an embodiment, the selection of the context is dependent onthe CBF (coded block flag) of the neighboring blocks. CBF is theindicator of whether the current block contains non-zero coefficients.If CBF is equal to zero, then no non-zero coefficients exist in thecurrent block. In one example, if both the CBF of the left and aboveblocks are equal to zero, the context 0 is selected. Else, if both CBFof the left and above blocks are not equal to zero, then context 1 isselected. Otherwise, context 2 is selected.

According to an embodiment, the context used for coding the transformselection information, including but not limited to: MTS flag, MTSindex, NSST index, depends on the reference line index value.

Although FIG. 1 shows example blocks of process 100, in someimplementations, process 100 may include additional blocks, fewerblocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than thosedepicted in FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of theblocks of process 100 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system(200) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thecommunication system (200) may include at least two terminals (210-220)interconnected via a network (250). For unidirectional transmission ofdata, a first terminal (210) may code video data at a local location fortransmission to the other terminal (220) via the network (250). Thesecond terminal (220) may receive the coded video data of the otherterminal from the network (250), decode the coded data and display therecovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common inmedia serving applications and the like.

FIG. 2 illustrates a second pair of terminals (230, 240) provided tosupport bidirectional transmission of coded video that may occur, forexample, during videoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission ofdata, each terminal (230, 240) may code video data captured at a locallocation for transmission to the other terminal via the network (250).Each terminal (230, 240) also may receive the coded video datatransmitted by the other terminal, may decode the coded data and maydisplay the recovered video data at a local display device.

In FIG. 2, the terminals (210-240) may be illustrated as servers,personal computers and smart phones but the principles of the presentdisclosure are not so limited. Embodiments of the present disclosurefind application with laptop computers, tablet computers, media playersand/or dedicated video conferencing equipment. The network (250)represents any number of networks that convey coded video data among theterminals (210-240), including for example wireline and/or wirelesscommunication networks. The communication network (250) may exchangedata in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels. Representativenetworks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, widearea networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes of the presentdiscussion, the architecture and topology of the network (250) may beimmaterial to the operation of the present disclosure unless explainedherein below.

FIG. 3 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosedsubject matter, the placement of a video encoder and decoder in astreaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equallyapplicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example,video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digitalmedia including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (313), that caninclude a video source (301), for example a digital camera, creating,for example, an uncompressed video sample stream (302). That samplestream (302), depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volumewhen compared to encoded video bitstreams, can be processed by anencoder (303) coupled to the camera 301). The encoder (303) can includehardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implementaspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detailbelow. The encoded video bitstream (304), depicted as a thin line toemphasize the lower data volume when compared to the sample stream, canbe stored on a streaming server (305) for future use. One or morestreaming clients (306, 308) can access the streaming server (305) toretrieve copies (307, 309) of the encoded video bitstream (304). Aclient (306) can include a video decoder (310) which decodes theincoming copy of the encoded video bitstream (307) and creates anoutgoing video sample stream (311) that can be rendered on a display(312) or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streamingsystems, the video bitstreams (304, 307, 309) can be encoded accordingto certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of thosestandards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. Under development is avideo coding standard informally known as Versatile Video Coding (VVC).The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

FIG. 4 may be a functional block diagram of a video decoder (310)according to an embodiment of the present invention.

A receiver (410) may receive one or more codec video sequences to bedecoded by the decoder (310); in the same or another embodiment, onecoded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded videosequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The codedvideo sequence may be received from a channel (412), which may be ahardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encodedvideo data. The receiver (410) may receive the encoded video data withother data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams,that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted).The receiver (410) may separate the coded video sequence from the otherdata. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (415) may be coupled inbetween receiver (410) and entropy decoder/parser (420) (“parser”henceforth). When receiver (410) is receiving data from a store/forwarddevice of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from anisosychronous network, the buffer (415) may not be needed, or can besmall. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, thebuffer (415) may be required, can be comparatively large and canadvantageously of adaptive size.

The video decoder (310) may include a parser (420) to reconstructsymbols (421) from the entropy coded video sequence. Categories of thosesymbols include information used to manage operation of the decoder(310), and potentially information to control a rendering device such asa display (312) that is not an integral part of the decoder but can becoupled to it, as was shown in FIG. 4. The control information for therendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplementary EnhancementInformation (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI)parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (420) mayparse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence received. The coding ofthe coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video codingtechnology or standard, and can follow principles well known to a personskilled in the art, including variable length coding, Huffman coding,arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. Theparser (420) may extract from the coded video sequence, a set ofsubgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in thevideo decoder, based upon at least one parameters corresponding to thegroup. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles,slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs),Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The entropy decoder/parser may alsoextract from the coded video sequence information such as transformcoefficients, quantizer parameter (QP) values, motion vectors, and soforth.

The parser (420) may perform entropy decoding/parsing operation on thevideo sequence received from the buffer (415), so to create symbols(421). The parser (420) may receive encoded data, and selectively decodeparticular symbols (421). Further, the parser (420) may determinewhether the particular symbols (421) are to be provided to a MotionCompensation Prediction unit (453), a scaler/inverse transform unit(451), an Intra Prediction Unit (452), or a loop filter (456).

Reconstruction of the symbols (421) can involve multiple different unitsdepending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (suchas: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors.Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroupcontrol information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by theparser (420). The flow of such subgroup control information between theparser (420) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, decoder (310) can beconceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as describedbelow. In a practical implementation operating under commercialconstraints, many of these units interact closely with each other andcan, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for thepurpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptualsubdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (451). Thescaler/inverse transform unit (451) receives quantized transformcoefficient as well as control information, including which transform touse, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices,etc. as symbol(s) (621) from the parser (420). It can output blockscomprising sample values, that can be input into aggregator (455).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (451)can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not usingpredictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but canuse predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of thecurrent picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intrapicture prediction unit (452). In some cases, the intra pictureprediction unit (452) generates a block of the same size and shape ofthe block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructedinformation fetched from the current (partly reconstructed) picture(456). The aggregator (455), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis,the prediction information the intra prediction unit (452) has generatedto the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inversetransform unit (451).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit(451) can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensatedblock. In such a case, a Motion Compensation Prediction unit (453) canaccess reference picture memory (457) to fetch samples used forprediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordancewith the symbols (421) pertaining to the block, these samples can beadded by the aggregator (455) to the output of the scaler/inversetransform unit (in this case called the residual samples or residualsignal) so to generate output sample information. The addresses withinthe reference picture memory form where the motion compensation unitfetches prediction samples can be controlled by motion vectors,available to the motion compensation unit in the form of symbols (421)that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components.Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values asfetched from the reference picture memory when sub-sample exact motionvectors are in use, motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (455) can be subject to variousloop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (456). Videocompression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies thatare controlled by parameters included in the coded video bitstream andmade available to the loop filter unit (456) as symbols (421) from theparser (420), but can also be responsive to meta-information obtainedduring the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the codedpicture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previouslyreconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (456) can be a sample stream that canbe output to the render device (312) as well as stored in the referencepicture memory (456) for use in future inter-picture prediction.

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used asreference pictures for future prediction. Once a coded picture is fullyreconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a referencepicture (by, for example, parser (420)), the current reference picture(656) can become part of the reference picture buffer (457), and a freshcurrent picture memory can be reallocated before commencing thereconstruction of the following coded picture.

The video decoder (310) may perform decoding operations according to apredetermined video compression technology that may be documented in astandard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conformto a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standardbeing used, in the sense that it adheres to the syntax of the videocompression technology or standard, as specified in the videocompression technology document or standard and specifically in theprofiles document therein. Also necessary for compliance can be that thecomplexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined bythe level of the video compression technology or standard. In somecases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate,maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamplesper second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set bylevels can, in some cases, be further restricted through HypotheticalReference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffermanagement signaled in the coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (410) may receive additional (redundant)data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as partof the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by thevideo decoder (310) to properly decode the data and/or to moreaccurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can bein the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forwarderror correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 5 may be a functional block diagram of a video encoder (303)according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The encoder (303) may receive video samples from a video source (301)(that is not part of the encoder) that may capture video image(s) to becoded by the encoder (303).

The video source (301) may provide the source video sequence to be codedby the encoder (303) in the form of a digital video sample stream thatcan be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, .. . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ) and anysuitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb 4:4:4). Ina media serving system, the video source (301) may be a storage devicestoring previously prepared video. In a videoconferencing system, thevideo source (303) may be a camera that captures local image informationas a video sequence. Video data may be provided as a plurality ofindividual pictures that impart motion when viewed in sequence. Thepictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array of pixels,wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending on thesampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled in theart can readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples.The description below focuses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the encoder (303) may code and compress thepictures of the source video sequence into a coded video sequence (543)in real time or under any other time constraints as required by theapplication. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is one function ofController (550). Controller controls other functional units asdescribed below and is functionally coupled to these units. The couplingis not depicted for clarity. Parameters set by controller can includerate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda valueof rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, groupof pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and soforth. A person skilled in the art can readily identify other functionsof controller (550) as they may pertain to video encoder (303) optimizedfor a certain system design.

Some video encoders operate in what a person skilled in the art readilyrecognizes as a “coding loop.” As an oversimplified description, acoding loop can consist of the encoding part of an encoder (530)(“source coder” henceforth) (responsible for creating symbols based onan input picture to be coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local)decoder (533) embedded in the encoder (303) that reconstructs thesymbols to create the sample data that a (remote) decoder also wouldcreate (as any compression between symbols and coded video bitstream islossless in the video compression technologies considered in thedisclosed subject matter). That reconstructed sample stream is input tothe reference picture memory (534). As the decoding of a symbol streamleads to bit-exact results independent of decoder location (local orremote), the reference picture buffer content is also bit exact betweenlocal encoder and remote encoder. In other words, the prediction part ofan encoder “sees” as reference picture samples exactly the same samplevalues as a decoder would “see” when using prediction during decoding.This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (andresulting drift, if synchronicity cannot be maintained, for examplebecause of channel errors) is well known to a person skilled in the art.

The operation of the “local” decoder (533) can be the same as of a“remote” decoder (310), which has already been described in detail abovein conjunction with FIG. 4. Briefly referring also to FIG. 5, however,as symbols are available and en/decoding of symbols to a coded videosequence by entropy coder (545) and parser (420) can be lossless, theentropy decoding parts of decoder (310), including channel (412),receiver (410), buffer (415), and parser (420) may not be fullyimplemented in local decoder (533).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decodertechnology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in adecoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identicalfunctional form, in a corresponding encoder. The description of encodertechnologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse of thecomprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certain areas amore detail description is required and provided below.

As part of its operation, the source coder (530) may perform motioncompensated predictive coding, which codes an input frame predictivelywith reference to one or more previously-coded frames from the videosequence that were designated as “reference frames.” In this manner, thecoding engine (532) codes differences between pixel blocks of an inputframe and pixel blocks of reference frame(s) that may be selected asprediction reference(s) to the input frame.

The local video decoder (533) may decode coded video data of frames thatmay be designated as reference frames, based on symbols created by thesource coder (530). Operations of the coding engine (532) mayadvantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may bedecoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 5), the reconstructedvideo sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequencewith some errors. The local video decoder (533) replicates decodingprocesses that may be performed by the video decoder on reference framesand may cause reconstructed reference frames to be stored in thereference picture cache (534). In this manner, the encoder (303) maystore copies of reconstructed reference frames locally that have commoncontent as the reconstructed reference frames that will be obtained by afar-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (535) may perform prediction searches for the codingengine (532). That is, for a new frame to be coded, the predictor (535)may search the reference picture memory (534) for sample data (ascandidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as referencepicture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as anappropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor(535) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to findappropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined bysearch results obtained by the predictor (535), an input picture mayhave prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures storedin the reference picture memory (534).

The controller (550) may manage coding operations of the video coder(530), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroupparameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected toentropy coding in the entropy coder (545). The entropy coder translatesthe symbols as generated by the various functional units into a codedvideo sequence, by loss-less compressing the symbols according totechnologies known to a person skilled in the art as, for exampleHuffman coding, variable length coding, arithmetic coding, and so forth.

The transmitter (540) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as createdby the entropy coder (545) to prepare it for transmission via acommunication channel (560), which may be a hardware/software link to astorage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter(540) may merge coded video data from the video coder (530) with otherdata to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillarydata streams (sources not shown).

The controller (550) may manage operation of the encoder (303). Duringcoding, the controller (550) may assign to each coded picture a certaincoded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques that may beapplied to the respective picture. For example, pictures often may beassigned as one of the following frame types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decodedwithout using any other frame in the sequence as a source of prediction.Some video codecs allow for different types of Intra pictures,including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh Pictures. A personskilled in the art is aware of those variants of I pictures and theirrespective applications and features.

A Predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded anddecoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most onemotion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of eachblock.

A Bi-directionally Predictive Picture (B Picture) may be one that may becoded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using atmost two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the samplevalues of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can usemore than two reference pictures and associated metadata for thereconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality ofsample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 sampleseach) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be codedpredictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks asdetermined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respectivepictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be codednon-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference toalready coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intraprediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded non-predictively,via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to onepreviously coded reference pictures. Blocks of B pictures may be codednon-predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction withreference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video coder (303) may perform coding operations according to apredetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec.H.265. In its operation, the video coder (303) may perform variouscompression operations, including predictive coding operations thatexploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence.The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified bythe video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (540) may transmit additional datawith the encoded video. The video coder (530) may include such data aspart of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprisetemporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant datasuch as redundant pictures and slices, Supplementary EnhancementInformation (SEI) messages, Visual Usability Information (VUI) parameterset fragments, and so on.

Further, the proposed methods may be implemented by processing circuitry(e.g., one or more processors or one or more integrated circuits). Inone example, the one or more processors execute a program that is storedin a non-transitory computer-readable medium to perform one or more ofthe proposed methods.

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer softwareusing computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one ormore computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 6 shows a computersystem 1200 suitable for implementing certain embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code orcomputer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation,linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions thatcan be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-codeexecution, and the like, by computer central processing units (CPUs),Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers orcomponents thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tabletcomputers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of thingsdevices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 6 for computer system 1200 are exemplary innature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope ofuse or functionality of the computer software implementing embodimentsof the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration ofcomponents be interpreted as having any dependency or requirementrelating to any one or combination of components illustrated in theexemplary embodiment of a computer system 1200.

Computer system 1200 may include certain human interface input devices.Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one ormore human users through, for example, tactile input (such as:keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice,clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (notdepicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capturecertain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by ahuman, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images(such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still imagecamera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional videoincluding stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one ofeach depicted): keyboard 601, mouse 602, trackpad 603, touch screen 610,data-glove 1204, joystick 605, microphone 606, scanner 607, camera 608.

Computer system 1200 may also include certain human interface outputdevices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating thesenses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output,sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices mayinclude tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by thetouch-screen 610, data-glove 1204, or joystick 605, but there can alsobe tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audiooutput devices (such as: speakers 609, headphones (not depicted)),visual output devices (such as screens 610 to include cathode ray tube(CRT) screens, liquid-crystal display (LCD) screens, plasma screens,organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screens, each with or withouttouch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedbackcapabilitysome of which may be capable to output two dimensional visualoutput or more than three dimensional output through means such asstereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted),holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (notdepicted).

Computer system 1200 can also include human accessible storage devicesand their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW620 with CD/DVD or the like media 621, thumb-drive 622, removable harddrive or solid state drive 623, legacy magnetic media such as tape andfloppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices suchas security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computerreadable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosedsubject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, orother transitory signals.

Computer system 1200 can also include interface(s) to one or morecommunication networks. Networks can for example be wireless, wireline,optical. Networks can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan,vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examplesof networks include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs,cellular networks to include global systems for mobile communications(GSM), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), fifth generation(5G), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and the like, TV wireline or wirelesswide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, andterrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus,and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external networkinterface adapters that attached to certain general purpose data portsor peripheral buses (649) (such as, for example universal serial bus(USB) ports of the computer system 1200; others are commonly integratedinto the core of the computer system 1200 by attachment to a system busas described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computersystem or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system).Using any of these networks, computer system 1200 can communicate withother entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only(for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for exampleCANbus to certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example toother computer systems using local or wide area digital networks.Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of thosenetworks and network interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storagedevices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core 640 of thecomputer system 1200.

The core 640 can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) 641,Graphics Processing Units (GPU) 642, specialized programmable processingunits in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) 643, hardwareaccelerators for certain tasks 644, and so forth. These devices, alongwith Read-only memory (ROM) 645, Random-access memory (RAM) 646,internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives,solid-state drives (SSDs), and the like 647, may be connected through asystem bus 1248. In some computer systems, the system bus 1248 can beaccessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enableextensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devicescan be attached either directly to the core's system bus 1248, orthrough a peripheral bus 649. Architectures for a peripheral bus includeperipheral component interconnect (PCI), USB, and the like.

CPUs 641, GPUs 642, FPGAs 643, and accelerators 644 can execute certaininstructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementionedcomputer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM 645 or RAM 646.Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM 646, whereas permanentdata can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage 647. Faststorage and retrieve to any of the memory devices can be enabled throughthe use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or moreCPU 641, GPU 642, mass storage 647, ROM 645, RAM 646, and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon forperforming various computer-implemented operations. The media andcomputer code can be those specially designed and constructed for thepurposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind wellknown and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system havingarchitecture 1200, and specifically the core 640 can providefunctionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA,accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or moretangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can bemedia associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above,as well as certain storage of the core 640 that are of non-transitorynature, such as core-internal mass storage 647 or ROM 645. The softwareimplementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be storedin such devices and executed by core 640. A computer-readable medium caninclude one or more memory devices or chips, according to particularneeds. The software can cause the core 640 and specifically theprocessors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to executeparticular processes or particular parts of particular processesdescribed herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM 646and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined bythe software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system canprovide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwiseembodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator 644), which can operatein place of or together with software to execute particular processes orparticular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference tosoftware can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate.Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such asan integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuitembodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The presentdisclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware andsoftware.

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, thereare alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, whichfall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciatedthat those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systemsand methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein,embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spiritand scope thereof.

1. A method for selecting an intra interpolation filter for multi-lineintra prediction based on a reference line index for decoding a videosequence, comprising: identifying a set of reference lines associatedwith a coding unit; applying an edge smoothing filter or an edgepreserving filter to reference samples included in a first referenceline, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent to the coding unitto generate a first set of prediction samples based on the firstreference line being associated with a first reference line index havinga value of zero: and applying only an edge preserving filter toreference samples included in a second reference line, of the set ofreference lines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate asecond set of prediction samples based on the second reference linebeing associated with a second reference line index having a non-zerovalue.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein an edge smoothing filter is alinear interpolation filter having only positive or zero filtercoefficients, and wherein an edge preserving filter is at least one of alinear interpolation filter having at least one or two negative filtercoefficients, a non-linear filter, or a bilateral filter.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein the edge smoothing interpolation filter comprises abilinear filter or a Gaussian filter.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinthe edge preserving filter comprises at least one of a Cubic filter, adiscrete cosine transform (DCT)-based filter, a polynomial-basedinterpolation filter, a bilateral filter, and a Hermite interpolationfilter.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a first type of edgepreserving filter that is applied to the first reference line, andwherein a second type of edge preserving filter that is different thanthe first type of edge preserving filter is applied to the secondreference line.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an M-tap edgepreserving filter is applied to the first reference line, an N-tapinterpolation filter is applied to the second reference line, and M isnot equal to N.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the a first edgepreserving filter associated with a first set of filter coefficients isapplied to the first reference line, and wherein a second edgepreserving filter associated with a second set of filter coefficientsthat is different than the first set of filter coefficients is appliedto the second reference line.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein an edgepreserving filter including fixed filter coefficients is applied to thefirst reference line.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the edgesmoothing filter is applied in association with wide angle modes of thefirst reference line, and wherein the edge preserving filter is appliedto wide angle modes of the second reference line.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: applying the edge smoothing filter or theedge preserving filter to the reference samples included in the firstreference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent to thecoding unit to generate the first set of prediction samples based on thefirst reference line; and applying the edge preserving filter to thesecond reference line, of the set of reference lines, that isnon-adjacent to the coding unit to generate the second set of predictionsamples.
 11. A device for selecting an intra interpolation filter formulti-line intra prediction based on a reference line index for decodinga video sequence, comprising: at least one memory configured to storeprogram code; at least one processor configured to read the program codeand operate as instructed by the program code, the program codeincluding: identifying code configured to cause the at least oneprocessor to identify a set of reference lines associated with a codingunit; first applying code configured to cause the at least one processorto apply an edge smoothing filter and an edge preserving filter toreference samples included in a first reference line, of the set ofreference lines, that is adjacent to the coding unit to generate a firstset of prediction samples based on the first reference line beingassociated with a first reference line index having a value of zero; andsecond applying code configured to cause the at least one processor toapply an edge preserving filter to reference samples included in asecond reference line, of the set of reference lines, that isnon-adjacent to the coding unit to generate a second set of predictionsamples based on the second reference line being associated with asecond reference line index having a non-zero value.
 12. The device ofclaim 11, wherein an edge smoothing filter is a linear interpolationfilter having only positive or zero filter coefficients, and wherein anedge preserving filter is at least one of a linear interpolation filterhaving at least one or two negative filter coefficients, a non-linearfilter, or a bilateral filter.
 13. The device of claim 11, wherein anedge smoothing interpolation filter that comprises a bilinear filter ora Gaussian filter is applied to the first reference line.
 14. The deviceof claim 11, wherein an edge preserving interpolation filter thatcomprises at least one of a Cubic filter, a discrete cosine transform(DCT)-based filter, a polynomial-based interpolation filter, a bilateralfilter, and a Hermite interpolation filter is applied to the firstreference line.
 15. The device of claim 11, wherein a first type of edgepreserving filter is applied to the first reference line, and wherein asecond type of edge preserving filter that is different than the firsttype of edge preserving filter is applied to the second reference line.16. The device of claim 11, wherein M-tap edge preserving filter isapplied to the first reference line, N-tap interpolation filter isapplied to the second reference line, and M is not equal to N.
 17. Thedevice of claim 11, wherein a first edge preserving filter associatedwith a first set of filter coefficients is applied to the firstreference line, and wherein a second edge preserving filter associatedwith a second set of filter coefficients that is different than thefirst set of filter coefficients is applied to the second referenceline.
 18. The device of claim 11, wherein edge preserving filterincluding fixed filter coefficients is applied to the first referenceline.
 19. The device of claim 11, wherein the edge smoothing filter isapplied in association with wide angle modes of the first referenceline, and wherein the edge preserving filter is applied to wide anglemodes of the second reference line.
 20. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructionscomprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or moreprocessors of a device for selecting an intra interpolation filter formulti-line intra prediction based on a reference line index for decodinga video sequence, cause the one or more processors to: identify a set ofreference lines associated with a coding unit; apply an edge smoothingfilter or an edge preserving filter to reference samples included in afirst reference line, of the set of reference lines, that is adjacent tothe coding unit to generate a first set of prediction samples based onthe first reference line being associated with a first reference lineindex having a value of zero; and apply only an edge preserving filterto reference samples included in a second reference line, of the set ofreference lines, that is non-adjacent to the coding unit to generate asecond set of prediction samples based on the second reference linebeing associated with a second reference line index having a non-zerovalue.